Robust Estimators in Geodetic Networks Based on a New Metaheuristic: Independent Vortices Search
Geodetic networks provide accurate three-dimensional control points for mapping activities, geoinformation, and infrastructure works.Accurate computation and adjustment are necessary, as all data collection is vulnerable to outliers.Applying a Least Squares (LS) process can lead to inaccuracy over many points in such conditions.Robust Estimator (RE